Human haptoglobin is an acute-phase glycoprotein produced predominantly by liver. It is composed of two a subunits (M.W. 16-23 kDa) and two b subunits (M.W. 35-40 kDa). Haptoglobin can bind to free hemoglobin released from lysed erythrocytes and prevent the formation of free radical superoxide that can be formed by the reaction of oxygen and iron from hemoglobin. It is also known to be involved in immune regulation and anti-inflammation. Elevated amount of haptoglobin is observed during infections and inflammations, obesity, tissue damage etc. Hence, haptoglobin is used as a biomarker to detect acute allograft rejection, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Additionally, low haptoglobin levels are mainly observed during hemolytic anemia.
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